Water Treatment Process and Water Operations

Introduction:

Water treatment in our everyday lives and industry costs billions every year. This water treatment course will focus on the optimization of water treatment in different applications. Choosing the right water treatment technique or simply choosing no water treatment at all, requires good knowledge of the process and the ability to find the right balance between health and safety and financial considerations.

Only under these circumstances can the sustainability of any water treatment project be achieved. From a different perspective, water treatment is compulsory when regulatory compliance is required, whereas voluntary water treatment can result in process optimization with the ultimate reduction in costs and improvement in our quality of life.

Course Objectives:

At the end of this water treatment course, the participants will be able to:

• Assess their needs and water resources available.
• Select appropriate water treatment techniques based on the above data.
• Develop relevant monitoring regimes to ensure the effectiveness of treatment.
• Apply selected water treatment techniques and optimize their application.
• Be aware of technical restrictions in the application of water treatment techniques.

Course Content:

Day 1: Water Quality – Water Chemistry and Microbiology and Physical Properties:

• Definition of chemical and microbiological indicators.
• Water chemistry – Basic parameters (pH, Electrical conductivity, Total hardness).
• Main chemistry constituents of water and differentiation between cations and anions, heavy metals, and organic.
• Implications of water composition on proposed uses.
• Water microbiology – Indicator organisms and concept of water-borne bacteria – Classification into pathogens and non-pathogenic bacteria.
• Factors affecting bacterial growth in water systems – Biofilm formation and its significance.
• Physical properties of water.

Day 2: Introduction to Water Treatment:

• Why treat water/Do nothing approach/What does water treatment attain?
• Effect of treatment techniques on chemical composition (Water softening, Ion exchange, Nanofiltration, Reverse Osmosis).
• Effect of treatment techniques on microbiological quality (Membrane filtration, chlorination/ bromination, Copper/Silver ions, Thermal treatment/disinfection, Chlorine dioxide, UV sterilization).
• Biochemical water treatment – Biological oxidation/Aeration, biofilters.
• Physical treatment techniques (sedimentation and filtration).
• Hot and Cold water systems – Basic considerations for corrosion and scale inhibition.

Day 3: Wastewater Treatment:

• Domestic wastewater/sewage/industrial wastewater treatment.
• Primary treatment – Settlement, flocculation/coagulation, filtration.
• Secondary treatment – Biological oxidation.
• Tertiary treatment – Disinfection.
• Applications of treated wastewater and sewage sludge – Restrictions and Regulations.
• Special types of wastewaters (e.g., landfill leachates) requiring more complex treatment.

Day 4: Boiler Water Treatment and Steam Generation:

• Basic feedwater requirements – Chemistry.
• Need for pre-treatment or not.
• Boiler efficiency and Implications of water quality.
• Continuous monitoring of water quality and Process optimization.
• Typical treatment techniques applied in boiler feedwater.
• Examples of boiler failures.

Day 5: Cooling Water Treatment and Evaporative Cooling Systems:

• Different forms of evaporative cooling systems.
• Feedwater treatment regimens – Softening and/or blending.
• Performance/Operation criteria for evaporative cooling systems.
• Concentration factor – Calcium balance – Temperature difference operation regime.
• Health and Safety considerations for evaporative cooling systems.
• Legionellosis.
• Prevention and Control.